Does Police Brutality Have Anything to Do With Color

Recent tragedies involving police officers killing unarmed blacks, like the ones that happened in Baltimore and Cleveland, have attracted a great deal of public attention – both to the events themselves and to what many perceive as an epidemic of police brutality. It seems to sweep over the United States and there is an opinion that police brutality, as it is often stated, is aimed primarily at people of color. There is some truth about this statement. According to statistics, blacks are about twice more likely to be killed by police than whites; their rates of incarceration are also disproportionately high: despite constituting only about 12 percent of the USA’s total population they account for almost 40 percent of those incarcerated. But is it really all about race? Perhaps there are some additional dynamics at work here, the ones that are less noticeable and less likely to make for flashy headlines? There is a growing sentiment in the USA that it is really so, that we are dealing not with a country-spanning conspiracy against the people of color, but something far more real. For the last few decades we’ve seen a steady growth in the number of police officers, especially in big population centers. Overbloating of police funding, broadening of police authority, intensification of the war on drugs, influx of military-grade weapons used by law enforcement and, in general, growing militarization of police force in the United States are extremely common nowadays. And when some governmental institution gets new powers and increased funding, it only goes downhill from there: the more money flows in, the more the institution is eager to use it up to account for growing funding. As the police get new powers, they grow more and more accustomed to using them and to justifying their use to themselves and to their higher-ups. Today the police are more than likely to use measures like SWAT raids when carrying out the most mundane tasks – for example, checking if a 50-dollar drug transaction had place (like in an infamous case in Habersham County, Georgia, during which a flashbang thrown into the suspect’s window in the middle of the night landed in a cradle. It led to horrible injuries and disfigurement of an infant sleeping in it). Twenty or thirty years ago such a situation would have been absurd – today it is perceived as tragic, but unavoidable collateral damage of the war on drugs. The police, in the right circumstances, are just as trigger-happy when it comes to dealing with Whites, Asians or Hispanics. It is not about race – it is all about power vested in them. In today’s America the police are no longer perceived as an organization aimed at keeping the peace and protecting the rights and freedoms of populace. It is an almost military force waging an ongoing war – like the aforementioned war on drugs. And wars always lead to casualties – among the warring sides and, unfortunately, among civilians as well. So yes, perhaps the percentage of blacks among the victims of police brutality is higher than average. Yet it’s not the ‘quotas’ we must fight but the source of this evil.

Essay about The Awakening - 1491 Words

The Awakening nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, was written in the late nineteenth century in St. Louis after her husband Oscar died of a severe illness. Her book appeared in 1899, after she was idolized by many novels written by Darwin and Sarah Orne Jewett. Her first attempts at writing were just brief sketches for a local newspaper that was only short descriptions of her life in Louisiana. However, Chopin’s interests had always run along more risky lines, as reflected in her diaries, letters, and fictions. Her most common subject was female subjugation and freedom. When The Awakening appeared, Chopin was severely criticized for depicting a sexualized and independent-thinking woman who questioned†¦show more content†¦In other words, naturalism; which is a literary movement during the turn of the century. In Chopin’s writing, Edna is the main focus of the novel, and her motivations are strongly influenced by her environment, frequently in neg ative ways. She behaves in a certain way because of her environment and the way it has an affect directly on how she viewed the world, herself, and other people. She tries to convey the grim reality of life, often with crime, poverty, and moral vice. Naturalism can easily be the effect on Edna because of the art and the way the ocean has an effect on Edna’s life. The main question on her life is, can Edna do it? Life’s paradoxes are so huge, and Edna’s experiences are so limited, that the question fuels the book tremendously. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The last major theme of this novel was the awakening of sexuality. Edna, during the course of the story, comes to a physical awakening as well. Tragically it is not through someone she loves, and it devastates her. When sexual awakening comes with the object of her desire, Robert, is â€Å"short lived†. The intensity of the feeling is there, and Edna lives to strive it. Edna desires passion, attraction, and excitement in her relationships with men, and a level of mutual understanding in her relationships with women. Neither of these desires for connection is met and is completely obvious throughout the novel. Edna’s desires, once she â€Å"awakens† to them,Show MoreRelatedThe Awakening on Kate Chopins The Awakening1745 Words   |  7 Pages The time period of the 1880s that Kate Chopin lived in influenced her to write The Awakening, a very controversial book because of many new depictions of women introduced in the book. The Awakening is a book about a woman, Edna Pontellier. In the beginning, she is a happy woman with her husband and 2 kids vacationing at Grand Isle. While there, Edna realizes she is in love with Robert Lebrun and that she was just forced into an unloving/dissatisfying marriage with Mr. Pontellier. Robert howeverRead MoreDemoralization In The Awakening1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthem and cause them to lose hope. Kate Chopin uses words like â€Å"depressed† (56), â€Å"hopeless† (56) and â€Å"despondency† (p115) to describe Edna, the heroine, in The Awakening. Coupling this description with Edna taking her life at the end of the novel and Chopin’s own inferred demoralization, due to the almost universal aversion to The Awakening, the natural conclusion is that it is a work of â€Å"great personal demoralization†, (Companion 5) as Michael Levenson states. Levenson suggests most modernist authorsRead MoreFeminism In The Awakening1562 Words   |  7 Pagesprivileges as each other. Basic human rights would give others the notion that this is how all humans should have been treated from the beginning. However, this is far from the truth. Books like The Awakening, give us an inside look at how women were treated around 100 years ago. When Kate Chopin wrote The Awakening, she created a blueprint for how we see modern feminism. Without being obvious, Chopin showed how one woman started to liberate herself from an oppressive society. During the 1800s when the bookRead MoreEssay on The Awakening1610 Words   |  7 Pages In their analytical papers on The Awakening by Kate Chopin, both Elaine Showalter and Elizabeth Le Blanc speak to the importance of homosocial relationship to Edna’s awakenings. They also share the viewpoint that Edna’s return to the sea in the final scene of the book represents Edna being one with her female lover and finding the fulfillment she has been seeking. We see evidence of this idea of the sea as a feminine from Showalter when she tells us that â€Å"As the female body is prone to wetness,Read MoreSymbolism In The Awakening1420 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Chopin’s use of symbolism in â€Å"The Awakening† What would one expect to be the personality of a woman, who was raised in a family of no man dominance in the year of 1800? Kate Chopin was born in Missouri, in 1850 and was one of the five children. At very young age, Kate lost her both sisters and her brother. At age of five, Kate was sent to a Catholic school. Not long after leaving her home, Chopin loses her father. Kate is being sent home from school to live with her mother, grandmotherRead More Essay on The Awakening712 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Views of The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, is full of ideas and understanding about human nature. In Chopins time, writing a story with such great attention to sensual details in both men and women caused skepticism among readers and critics. However, many critics have different views with deeper thought given to The Awakening. Symbolism, the interpretation of Ednas suicide, and awakenings play important roles in the analysis of all critics.    SymbolismRead More The Awakening Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fact that an author is able to convey his/her message clearer and include things in the book that cannot be exhibited in a movie. For this reason, the reader of the book is much more effected than the viewer of the film. In the novella, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, there is much more evidence of symbolism as well as deeper meaning than in the movie version of the book, Grand Isle. Chopin conveys her symbolic messages through the main character’s newly acquired ability to swim, through the birdsRead More The Awakening Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pages The Awakening is a story full of symbolism and imagery that can have many different meanings to the many who have read it. I have read several different theories on Kate Chopin’s meaning and though some are vastly different, they all seem to make sense. It has been said that Kate Chopin might have been ambiguous just for this reason. At some point, almost everyone struggles with knowing or not knowing their purpose in life, and therefore it seems, that on some level, most who read the story aboutRead More Essay on The Awakening733 Words   |  3 PagesCriticism of The Awakening      Ã‚   Reading through all of the different criticism of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening has brought about ideas and revelations that I had never considered during my initial reading of the novel.   When I first read the text, I viewed it as a great work of art to be revered.   However, as I read through all of the passages, I began to examine Chopin’s work more critically and to see the weaknesses and strengths of her novel.   Reading through others interpretations of herRead MoreThe movie Awakenings4852 Words   |  20 PagesMeagan McGee Psychology 1300 Awakenings The movie Awakenings starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro portrays the true story of a doctor named Dr. Malcolm Sayer, and the events of the summer of 1969 at a psychiatric hospital in New York. Dr. Malcolm Sayer, who is a research physician, is confronted with a number of patients who had each been afflicted with a devastating disease called Encephalitis Lethargica. The illness killed most of the people who contracted it, but some were left living

Beginning the Audit Report Free Essays

Senior Partner From: Kim Cummings Re: Apollo Shoes Audit Dear Senior Partner: As you know, our firm has been selected to perform the Apollo Shoes audit. The planning process has been the most delicate stage as we want to ensure we have a solid audit approach. The team I select will be dedicated in meeting the objectives and strategies for completing the audit. We will write a custom essay sample on Beginning the Audit Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will briefly explain to you how I plan to begin the audit process. Now that Apollo Shoes has selected our firm, the initial planning process has begun. Our team must make every effort to understand Apollo Shoes’ business and industry. We will assess the client business risk before performing any preliminary analytical procedures. Our audit team will work hard to understand what type of documentation is required, collect documents from previous audits and gather all preliminary statements from all involved parties. Our team will start with a review of the company’s policies and procedures to establish our objectives. Our audit team will set materiality and review acceptable audit risk and acquired risk. It is our responsibility to understand the internal control and assess the type of sis each control holds. By doing this, we must understand each and every process of Apollo Shoes. This may include reviewing any area workflow and identifying key controls in those area processes. Our audit team will sit down with department heads to gather a detailed understanding of each process so nothing is misinterpreted in our review. Once we have a clear understanding of the internal controls and have assessed their risk, we will begin to collect information to assess fraud risks. The last part of our plan and design phase of the audit process will be to develop an overall audit strategy and audit program. With this step, we will determine the guidelines of our audit review and the best technology to use for this client. The scope of our audit will be planned during this phase as well as setting our objectives. I have attached some key documents related to the Apollo Shoes audit. These documents cover how the audit objectives, responsibilities, and strategies for completing the audit will be accomplished. I have also included an explanation of how analytical procedures will be used to plan, conduct and complete the audit. An explanation of how our team will consider materiality and risk in designing the audit s also attached along with the technology we plan to use in the audit. I have attached an engagement checklist and a rough draft of the client engagement letter for your review. The outline of timeshares and milestones for the Apollo Shoes audit has also been included for your review. Should you have any questions regarding the beginning stages of our audit process or any changes or comments related to the engagement checklist, engagement letter and timeshares, please let me know so we can discuss further. Sincerely, Kim Cummings Audit Objectives, Responsibilities, and Strategies for Audit Completion The primary objective of an audit is to review a company’s procedures, the original data to determine procedure compliance, and form an audit opinion on the data presented and level of compliance. The four main objectives are to outline and test controls; validate proper procedure was followed; establish the risk of audit error; and write an audit opinion. A control objective is established to ensure procedure is in place to prevent staff from not following policy. It is important to verify a procedure has been followed. To do this, an auditor will take a random collection of the documents from the data set. The auditor can use statistics to establish how many documents need to be tested and the risk of an error in the data set. A specialized computer program is used by the auditors to select a document and compare the document against company policy to ensure compliance. The level of compliance is assessed against the data size group and degree of compliance failure. The risk of audit error is the probability an auditor has reached an inaccurate conclusion, which is why the auditor must review all workflow, policies and procedures prior to drawing any conclusion from the samples they have pulled. A Ritter auditor’s opinion is a report published by the auditor to ascertain company procedures used, the audit scope, and the results from testing. Many interested parties, such as business owners and investors, review this report. The auditors are responsible in finding errors, cut costs, and improve the overall general accounting used by a company. The auditor is to verify company records against the information the company has provided. It is important for auditors to plan and execute the audit to achieve reasonable assurance. The main strategy of completing the audit is to obtain an understanding of the linnet’s financial statements, operating processes, and governance policies. The auditor must adopt a blueprint to determine the external factors that could adversely affect the company’s operations. The auditor needs to evaluate regulatory practice and ongoing litigation events. With these strategies in place, the audit should be easily streamlined to stay on track and completed in the designated timeshare. Analytical Procedures Used to Plan, Conduct and Complete the Audit Analytical procedures are used to identify items associated with uncommon transactions and events, amounts and developments that may point towards items hat have financial statement and audit planning complications. The analytical procedures used in planning the audit generally use data aggregated at a high level (www. Baobabs. Org). † Procedures may consist of reviewing changes in account balances from the prior year to the current year using an unadjusted working trial balance or general ledger balance. Procedures may involve an extensive analysis off company’s quarte rly financial statements. The analytical process used in the overall preview phase of the audit â€Å"will assist the auditor in assessing conclusions reached and in the evaluation of the overall uncial statement presentation (www. Scabrous. Org). † A wide variety of analytical procedures may be used for this purpose. The procedures our team will use consist of reading financial statement and notes, consider adequacy of the evidence gathered, and consider unusual or unexpected balances. Materiality and Risk in Audit Design Materiality is essential when considering the appropriate type of report for a given set of circumstances. Audit risk is the risk the auditor may unintentionally â€Å"fail to appropriately modify his or her opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated (wry. WAC. Org). Materiality is considered by auditors when planning and evaluating the results of an audit. Audit risk and materiality affect the applications of generally accepted auditing standards, particularly the measures of field work and reporting. â€Å"Audit risk and materiality need to be considered together in designing the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures and in evaluating the results of those procedures (mm. ‘. PWS. Org). † Technology Incorporated Into Audit There are numerous data analysis tools to use for an audit such as Microsoft Excel, Audit Command Language (CAL), and Monarch. Microsoft Excel is an office application that is easy to use. It comes with a data-analysis toolkit and built-in functions with a capacity of 65,536 rows by 256 columns and 255 chars per field. CAL has an unlimited capacity. It requires basic training and is menu based. CAL has analytic capabilities and a complete set of preprogrammed analysis. Monarch is a 1,000,000 input page capacity. Training is required, and Monarch provides basic analytic capabilities. Data analysis software is useful in distinguishing fraud of assets and fraudulent reporting. It permits an infinite number of analytical interactions to e measured within sizeable databases. The use of data analysis software will test objectives, ascertain data, request test data, enhance the test data if results are poor and request full data if results are good. The use of filters, sorting statistics, gaps, classification, and samples are Just a few tools to be used in the audit process. The data analysis methodology we will use will be to define, validate, execute, and retain data. Engagement Checklist Learn about the Control Environment Operating Processes Corporate Procedures Regulatory Compliance Test Internal Controls Detailed Steps in Task Performance Sampling of Company Documents Rank Controls and Risk High and medium – may cost the business a substantial loss in operating activities Low – corrective measures provided by Department Heads and Managers Issue the Final Report Senior Auditor reviews solutions provided by senior leaders for high and medium risks. Note risk mitigation progress in the risk and control assessment reports prepared by department heads. Rough Draft of Audit Engagement Letter Anderson, Olds, and Watershed 1234 Audit Trail way panama City, FL 32405 January 18, 2015 Larry Lancaster President and CEO Apollo Shoes, Inc. Showdown, ME 12345 Re: Audit Engagement Dear Mr.. Lancaster, This letter confirms our prior discussion regarding the agreement for our firm to audit the financial statements of Apollo Shoes, Inc. Our firm will audit Apollo Shoes balance sheet as of 12/31/07, as well as related Statement of Income, Retained Earnings and Cash Flow Statements for all of 2007. We will provide our professional opinion based on this audit. The financial statements will be the responsibility of the Apollo Shoes management team. The opinion on the financial statements based on our audit is the responsibility of the audit team. Our team will conduct the audit process in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. These standards require our team to â€Å"conduct the audit in order to obtain reasonable assurance if the financial statements are free of false and misleading statements (wry. NCSC. Deed). This type of audit will measure the accounting principles used by your company along with any assessments made by your management team. Our firm’s audit will deliver the basis of our opinion. The practices we will use include tests of documented data provided to support all of your company transactions documented n your company accounts. We will also test documents related to your receivables and liabilities through randomly selected customer acc ounts and creditors. The audit we will perform cannot be relied upon to detect irregularities or all fraud. We will notify you of any material errors we find as well as any illegal acts that grab our attention throughout the audit process. If the financial statements are going to be published or reproduced with reference made to the audit our firm conducted, you must agree to give us the statement proofs for our approval prior to publication. As part of the audit engagement for the year ending in 2007, a review of your company’s state and federal tax returns will be conducted for Apollo Shoes. The fees our firm charges Apollo Shoes will be billed as the work is performed and based on the time it is needed to fulfill each deliverable plus any acquired out of pocket expenses. The invoices will be due upon receipt. After your review, please sign the enclosed copy and return it to our firm promptly. Our firm appreciates the opportunity to perform the Apollo Shoes’ audit and looks forwarding to working with you. Sincerely, Timeshares and Milestones References Arena, Alvin; Elder, Randal; and Basely, Mark(2014). How to cite Beginning the Audit Report, Papers

Emerging Technology and Innovations to Support Flood Resilience

Question: Discuss About the Emerging Technology to Support Flood Resilience? Answer: Introduction Basically, communication technology and innovation role has been acknowledged as integral to disaster mitigation and management for a while. However, the use of communication technology and innovation can limit the losses of flood. Flood struggle and toughness technologies grip substantial probability to constraint the losses resulted by floods. The new emerging communication and information technologies and innovations over the past twenty years impart themselves to higher possibilities of integration of diverse communication systems. As a segment of the variable and universal methodology, the application of flood pliability and flood resistance control tools at possessions and risk assessment measures has been preferred. The elements are such as itinerant perimeter hurdles, door sentinels or fluctuations to the drapery of the construction or house (Brown, Trown Harrison, 2005). The procedures are principally advantageous where it is challenging to validate affluent capital outgoin gs, to safeguard essential infrastructure, to confine the visual commotion in traditional and heritage regions and whereby the traditional defenses are unsuitable, for instance in rush flooding in urban area. There are social and technical features to the application of communication technologies in flood resilience and resistance. The current application of the emerging technologies and innovation for disaster management and mitigation rely greatly on the appropriateness for the social and economic background in which the emerging technologies and innovation are applied (Barnard, 2007. The paper includes the emerging role of communication technologies and innovation in flood resilience and resistance. Significance of the research The significance of the research is to determine how serious is floods as a natural disaster and determine the efficiency of emerging technologies and flood resilience and resistance. From the global economic viewpoint, floods; riverine and coastal, are the peak destructive category of natural hazards in the world. The economic losses to nations and states, individual property, crops, business stock, utilities, and transportation are major indicators of flood losses. Presumably, of bigger magnitude are the damages experienced by entities that never go wet but are required to close because the suppliers or supply routes are impaired. Concerning loss of life, flood hazards are coarsely incomparable. It has been logically impossible to set a monetary value on human life (Robert Philiph, 1976). However, if lives are evaluated by the one-time central standard of anticipated future earning power of persons, at usual rates of income, then the damages of property during floods, and the conn ected indirect and immaterial associated damages, far offset the monetary value of the lives lost. Less readily quantified, but evidently important, are the public health consequences of floods when they submerge water facilities, chemical waste stowage sites, and sewage treatment. Flooding may impact to some benefits, for instance, the deposition of nutrients on agricultural lands in the flood plain and the renewal of groundwater. A flood plain location has large paybacks not only for cultivation but also for industrial and transportation activities. A flood plain may even be the most beautiful location for residential developments (Trevino et al 2003). However, the dominance of potential losses make flooding the worlds worst natural hazard. How original is the approach The validity and the originality of the research is supported by the works of Edquist C. Systems of innovation: establishments, technologies, and associations. Abingdon: Routledge, 1997. The research was meant to determine the effect application of the emerging technologies and innovation. Efforts and attempts to digitize the information are under way attaining the greatest impression if the results are positioned into shared open databases online, for example, Open Street Map. The statistics were additionally enhanced and authenticated by the institution of National Support Council (Samson Draft, 2014). The council had members from major participants. Granted the implementation of flood resilience as an invention in dealing with floods, research concentrates on two key extents of scholarship, flood hazard administration and revolution studies. Literature review Flood risk management approaches help to contextualize the application of flood resilience. For instance, the Scottish Executives 4 As methodology to flood administration is a linear technique stretching from consciousness, mitigation, support and, finally, circumvention. The demarcation is intended to emphasis consideration on specific crucial points, for example, the preliminary responsiveness of flood menace among the community, experts, and authorities in an indebtedness of the conceivable mitigation procedures that might decrease the risk, for example, decisions about the enactment of flood resilience (Jabbour Santos, 2008). The literature on revolution transmission offers additional insights concerning mainstreaming of the flood resilience technologies. Furthermore, it offers a foundation on how the actors and agencies that will engage on the application can be reinforced. Innovation, in broad sense, denotes to new or better resources, services and the methods of generating the flood resilience which is a contemporary innovation in the management of the flood risk. Conventionally, many theoretical representations have been advanced to comprehend innovation dissemination. For instance, Rogers S-curve elaborates how implementation is reliant on four main elements; the innovation, how it is connected, time and the pertinent social system (Trevino et al 2003). Finally, an invention might reach inundation point, and becomes extensively accepted. The S-curve is applicable in examples such as those important to flood resilience, where advantages are not always directly realized but can evade unwanted penalties at some forthcoming time As such, a variety of variables could constrain or ease the direction to market of latest innovations, from creating awareness of the opportunity to the steady agreement of the measure to the actual consideration in decision-making processes (Jabbour Santos, 2008). Supporting the insights is a hypothesis that society, technology and innovation co-advance and that the reception of innovation is the interaction. Innovation is an interaction between a collectioin of attempts that includes the user behaviors, markets, governance structure and cultural values. The awareness of the flood resilience broadly differed in various countries. The factors that mostly contributed to the difference are the manufacturing firm that promoted the floods resilience and the direct experience of floods. In the case instances where a substantial length of time , a range of 8-10 years and no flood events, the community awareness of flood assessment and the probability of the approaches that may be undertaken to stand flooding were unusually lower. Conversely, persons who experienced latest flooding were more possible to have some extensive awareness of flood resilience technologies. The public drew attention to the secluded sector producers and installers who aggressively advertised their products to prospective customers in the rouse of a flood occurrence. Thus, awareness of technologies among the public was moderately higher in countries with a dynamic flood resilience sector (Brown, Trevion Harrison, 2005). Away from awareness of flood resilience technol ogies, end users need even to accept the use as a potential elucidation for the condition. The challenge is right related to the extension of flood risk management obligation as defined in the overview, a shift that has taken state in the background of wider swings towards neoliberal authority and general accounts that control and product risk management (Walker Jones, 2012). Though, the data specified opposition to the argument that nations and societies need to take charge in the management of own flood jeopardy. Research gap Essential finding from members in various nations and at different gauges was that there stood no sufficient information to assertively make a firm decision on application flood resilience. Connected to this, there was compromise inside the National Support Groups that there would be no sample case study the republic controlled a governing context that could assimilate flood resilience technology into flood risk management. The consideration had critical implication for perceptions of technologies (Robert Philiph, 1976). Concurring to the data gathering, it is vibrant that there are various factors limiting the small scale flood resilience technologies being suitable and essential to handling flood peril. Generally, the diversity of challenges is suggestive of an inventive technology that freshly arose and is in attempts to fit into conventional authority practices and structures. There is a solid prominence on flood-plain and also catchment controlling that have varied options, for instance, retrofitting springiness less common. Critically, the aspects of flood risk management include legislation and regulation that have slowly incorporated the flood risk management. Aim of the research Some steps are crucial to manage the research gap. Understanding the risk and conducting a survey on the risk. A thorough survey on flood mitigation should be conducted. Planning a scheme that entails the advantages and disadvantages of the risk management measure, cost and ease of performance. Cost of installation, repair and maintenance. Eventually, technologies and innovations exist. There is emphasis positioned on the understanding the incorporation into local and tactical backgrounds. Innovation wants support so as to go past the cultural and executive customs in dealing with flood risk. The management conversed has tried to exhibit how a joint methodology can classify and clarify the main steps (Thomas, 2007). Awareness on the flood assessment is required to safeguard the underprivileged associates of the public profit from the measures and that flood resilience measures circumvent creating inadvertent influences downstream. Data collection methods Essentially, the data collection methods used aimed at qualitative data.The data collection methods used in the research included questionnaires. The method was preferred because it accommodated for dynamics flood situations. The method also offers solutions in cases of qualitative computation, narrative and quantitative data.The other data collection method used was the review Ethnographies, Oral History, and Case Studies (Barnard, 2007). The method is holistic because it combines other data collection methods such as interviews and sample. Data Analysis Flood risk cannot be eliminated. Data analysis considered wide range of factors. The factors in the analysis included flood prone areas, value of asset, land use and distribution and hydrological and hydraulic studies. According to the questionnares and surveys, the flood prune areas, occur in smooth terrain areas, or swampy areas (Trevion et al 2003). For the 10 respondents that the questionnare focused on, people living around, swampy areas, and just around river banks, floods occur regularly, which degrades the environmental productivity. Results Although floods on large rivers attract most attention, the often unaccounted floods in upstream areas are also significant. Flood damages in upstream areas have impacts on lives and properties. Over the coming decades, subject to several assumptions as to flood plain use, increases are expected in urban and diverse property damages. Average annual global flood damages have been increasing over the years (Jabbour Santos, 2008). There is some implication that the rate has even accelerated. Damage and losses in urban and urbanizing areas will escalate the most. Discussions The key issue regarding to floods is the element that the data on flood damages and losses are inadequate, lacking in wanted specificity, and inconsistent between urban and rural areas. Consequently, the aggregated approximations of flood loss for the world are available guesses. There is practically no systematic data as to flood plain use and production. Moreover, the other key data obligatory is the average annual loss of life from floods, it is accounted mainly by a few flash floods (Robert Philiph, 1976). Nevertheless, little data is available on the frequency and dimensions of flash floods report. Conclusions International organisations should embark on supporting the flood menace. The organisations should major on granting loans and subsidies to national governments and flood prone affected regions. Furthermore, emerging technologies and innovation should be facilitated and enhanced to increase flood mitigation. References Barnard, C 2007, The Function of the Executive, Cambridge: Harvard University Press Brown, M. E., Trevino, L. K., Harrison, D 2005, Ethical leadership: A social Learning perspective for construct development and testing, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117-134 Jabbour, C. J. C., Santos, A 2008, The central role of human resource management, Human Resource Management Journals, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2133-2154 Robert, H Philip, K 1976, "Leadership Effectiveness: Past Perspectives and Future Directions for Research", pp. 45-82 Trevino, L. K., Brown, M., Hartman, L 2003, A qualitative investigation of perceived executive ethical leadership: Perceptions from inside and outside the executive suite, Human Relations, 56(1), 5-37. Samson, K Draft, S 2014, Communication in Business Strategy, Chapters 1. 3,7. London: Savage Publishers Thomas, P 2007, The State of the Science, Journal OF Organizational Behavior: , Vol. 2 no. 5, pp. 298-312 Walker, T Jones, N 2012, Sustainable supply chain management across the UK private sector, Norway: McGraw-Hill

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift and Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift and Animal Farm by George Orwell Paper Animal Farm is based on the Russian Revolution in the early Nineteenth Century. George Orwell wanted to get across to people what around the world that Russia was hiding the truth from the rest of the world and he wanted to reveal the truth! Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is based on the late 18th Century, when English landlords ruled Ireland. They wanted an extortionate amount of Money from the poor people of Ireland who lived on the their land. Jonathan Swift wants to change all this by making up a proposal which will make everyone think about what they were doing! In this Essay I will be talking about the purpose of Satire and the Language the authors use to get their views across. George Orwell produced the story of Animal Farm to tell the world what was really happening in Russia after the Revolution, but instead of using the real people who were involved, in this book he uses animals and humans to get his point across. In this story you can work out who the animals are supposed to represent by the similarities with the people in Russia. Old Major Prize White Boar (ancient pig) who dies just before the rebellion (revolution), is considered, like Starx a powerful helper who helped Lenin (a Russian leader who died before the Russian Revolution). Lenin the Russian Communist and Bolsheviks seized power from Tsar and set up a Dictatorship of the Proletariat. It represented a new and free world for the ordinary people just as the animals had expelled Mr. Jones in Animal Farm. Capitalism was replaced with Socialism. Though really in Russia the Bolshevik party became dictators just as in Animal Farm the pigs ruled the animals. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift and Animal Farm by George Orwell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift and Animal Farm by George Orwell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift and Animal Farm by George Orwell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Old Majors speech is similar to Lenins, as they both know the future and what to expect of it e. g. Old Major and his speech of the Rebellion in the future Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the Human race! This is my message to you comrades: Rebellion. He also tells the Animal how to make the Rebellion work. This shows that Old Major, like Lenin wanted freedom for his land and people, but knew that there would have to be a Rebellion for this to take place! After the death of Lenin there was a battle to gain the power of the Communist Russia between two men, Stalin and Trotsky. So in Animal Farm there is a power struggle between two pigs Napoleon and Snowball (the two leading pigs). Orwell chose their names with significant purpose, which also tells about the allegorical role they have in the novel. Napoleon represents the Russian Tyrant Stalin, who comes to dominate the novel. Orwell gave Napoleon his name from the French Emperor, who started a revolution but ended an autocrat. Napoleon became a tyrant like Stalin. The Russian Leader Stalin betrayed his country by setting up a Communist Revolution and then changing it to a place of Liberty and Justice, The tyranny of a one-man state. Snowball is Orwells representation of Trotsky, Stalins enemy. Snowballs name is of symbolic meaning as snow melts away and is no more. Just as Snowball is eventually driven off the farm by Napoleon and never seen again. Napoleon and Snowball played against each other claiming that each other had All equal Rights. Really they were each seeking power for themselves. Stalin promised to strengthen the Soviet economy, strengthen Communism and to strengthen the Soviet Forces. He said this to his people that he was stronger than his enemy Trotsky! Moses was Mr. Jones tame raven, and the pigs third enemy. He represents the Russian Orthodox Church. He was constantly talking about a land called Sugarcandy Mountain a place of freedom and joy that animals will go to after their death. Orwell was suggesting that the Russian church tried to persuade people that after their hard working lives they would go to heaven. The Bolsheviks were atheists and saw such talks as dangerous. Stalin and Trotsky also disagreed. Orwell used the arguments between the pigs to represent this. Snowball believed in Industrial progress (the Windmill idea) and the conversion of the other Farms to Animalism would help them alot in the future stages. We are told that Snowball is a more lively pig than Napoleon. He is also a faster talker and more inventive. We can see this in the early chapters where he throws himself into the Animals Revolt with great energy and imagination. Orwell uses the word Animalism instead of Communism. Snowball seems to be the more interesting of the two leading pigs. It is him who criticises Mollie for her weakness and organises the destruction of Farmer Jones, Farm equipment. The next morning the excited animals run all over the place with their new found Freedom and when they return to the farm house it is only Snowball and Napoleon who are not afraid to enter. The pigs then show themselves to be born leaders and barge their way in. Like Stalin, Napoleon had argued to increase food production and rearming the farm could help them to endure in an attack, which comes later on in the book. He tried to persuade the animals that time wasted on the windmill would mean they would starve to death. Also Snowball and Napoleon disagreed over the defence of the farm after the Battle of the Cowshed. Napoleon said the animals should procure firearms and train themselves to use them. Just like Stalin. But not all Soviets wanted this, so in Chapter 4 when every thing is calm and the Animals where enjoying the liberty of their new country. The Humans attack the Farm hoping for the opportunity to rule once again. This was a comparison to the White Russians in the Soviet when the Politicians fought against each other, but in the book this event is titled The Battle of the Cowshed. This forces a Counterpoise against the Bolsheviks. In Russia the Bolsheviks won and Stalin forced Trotsky into the exile forever. In Animals farm, the comparison is when Snowball is forced to leave the farm as Napoleon starts a rumour about him. So Napoleon too rules on his own as Stalin had done. The Dictatorship of the proletariat was far from happening. Th e rule that all Animals are equal was changing with the dictatorship of Napoleon, and Russia was falling into the hands of Stalin. A terror reign began in Animal Farm over Napoleons three main rules; again this is Orwells comparison to the tree main aspects of Stalins rule. In Russia the million people are killed due to their conspiracies over Stalin and were alleged to be working with Trotsky. Secondly, Napoleons negotiations with Mr. Frederick and Mr Pilkington to trade with the humans. Stalin was signing a Nonagreesion pact with Hitler; Napoleon sold a pile of wood to Mr. Frederick and was paid with counterfeit money. This represents the phoney non-aggression pact signed between Stalin and Hitler. Also Germanys invasion of Russia caused vast destruction. The comparison was Fredericks invasion and destruction of the windmill that the animals had built. Mr Pilkington on the other hand is an old fashioned farmer and represents Britain and directly Winston Churchill. Pilkington refuses to help Napoleon just as Churchill had refused to help Stalin. Then Mr. Frederick invades the Farm. He is very cruel to the animals and represents Hitler; he tortures the animals just as Hitler treated the Jews. Although Mr. Frederick is expelled from the Farm and Hitler too was expelled at the Battle of Stalingrad when he invaded Eastern Europe. The building of the Windmill is the Final Third rule, which was called The Five-year plan by Animal Farm and it was when Russia went through tremendous Labour and enormous suffering just as they did in Animal Farm. As Stalin became increasingly obsessed with his power, so did Napoleon. Napoleon gave himself medals, various titles and when he appears around the farm, he has dogs and other pigs to help him. Even worse as Napoleon and Stalin rise in power they both break one of the Seven Commandments of Animalism and Communist rules, which they had created. In Stalins rise to power he overturns all his original aim, he does this by lying to the world using Propaganda and he shows the grip that he had on the Russian people. In Animal Farm Squealer represents a propaganda agent. When Napoleon starts breaking the Seven Commandments, it is Squealer that manages to keep the opposition silence with his restless, agile and brilliant talking that he can persuade anyone. He shows his devious side and unstable character. He also changes the Seven commandments as Napoleon breaks them, to make sure that his master is always right. When he is confronted by the other animals asked about the changes he tells them they must be mistaken, He uses lies, phoney arguments, threats surrounding himself by the dogs to cause fear. Indeed anything that justifies his master actions. He is indifferent to the truth. Orwell uses Squealers propaganda thoughout Animal Farm to shows the effects of lies and propaganda on the lives of Ordinary Working People. Squealer names imply his corrupt nature. The comparison is shown at the end in the last Chapter when Napoleon is shown conferring with the Humans. The arguments between the Humans and Napoleon show the start of the cold war. George Orwell shows at the end of his book that Stalin betrayed the original principles of communism. As did the hatred between Russia and the West. Animal Farm is a true dipictionial but put into a Fairy Tale Story. The reason that George Orwell used Satire to make his point was because he couldnt speak out publicly against communist Russia. At the time Russia was a powerful country and no one could criticise the communist system. He does this by using his own opinion but with factual evidence to back his claims. He also uses very strong emotive language and passionate tone to try to persuade you. Mr Jones represents the force of corrupt capitalism. He starts drinking more and neglecting the farm. He gets so drunk he does not return to feed the animals. The starving animals kick down the doors and help themselves to the food. Just as the Russian people had done in 1917, when they were forced with starvation. They rise up against the Tsar. What happened in Communist Russia was about to happen on a smaller scale in Animal Farm. The pigs had to work considerably to make the animals aware of the true nature of the revolution, just as the Bolsheviks in the Russia. The pigs failed to persuade Mollie that the Rebellion would be to her advantage. As the Bolsheviks had also failed to convert the White Russians. Mollie is the first animal to side with humans; shes a sympathetic to Capitalists. When the animals invaded the farmhouse they were amazed of the luxury of Mr and Mrs Jones once used to live in. In just the same way as the Bolsheviks were amazed of the wealth they saw when the stormed the Russian Tsar Palace. The pigs were more successful in converting the Animals to Majors reviews. Boxer and Clover became their devoted followers. Boxer represents the ordinary working man. He is the most cruelly betrayed of all the animals in Animal Farm. He was hard working and utterly loyal. His strength was used in the fields and rebuilding the windmill. In the first chapter he is described as a gentle and stupid creature, which makes us even more angry when he is betrayed by his master. He never learns to read, write or think for himself. He had two mottoes, one was Napoleon is always right and the second is I must work harder! and he is the victim of his own blind loyalty. He was the hardest working animal on the farm and the pigs promised him that he would have lavish retirement benefits. But when he works too a hard and finally collapses in chapter 9. Napoleon and Squealer pretend to send him to a nearby Animal Hospital, but infact he is being sold to the knackers yard and the cash is spent on the pigs Whisky. This is the most tragic scene in the whole book. Boxers wife, Clover. Who was also strong, patient and utterly loyal too. She is more intelligent than Boxer and it is her that leads the Animals to the Farm house in Chapter 10, where they see the utter betrayal of Napoleon who is seen playing cards with the humans. Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is about the exploration of the children of Ireland. It was written to the Politicians of England and Ireland to inform them, that the underprivileged people of Ireland. Who were living on opulent peoples property could hardly afford to pay the outrageous rental payments. The weathly used their money to buy unwanted furniture and garments just to be fashionable. Swifts, idea was to kill the one year olds for food and sell it to the rich or even use the carcass or skin to make gloves or boot for Ladies and Gentlemen. Even the killing of young Lads and Maidens for a replacement to deer and venison. It makes it sound like the second idea seems only cruel. This would help the poor people living in Ireland. He tries to use age, diseased or saying that these people are mained as a reason. He is only sacrificing these people for the nation. By killing the babies he believes that it would decrease the population and homeless making the wealthy even wealthier. Take away all their money problems they have when asking for their rent from their tenants. The poor could gain money by producing babies and selling them to the shopkeepers. Then the shopkeepers could sell these babies for an enormous amount of money to the wealthy. In this process he claims that it benefits the poor. They can pay their rent and buy food. This Story is a ridiculous his idea is, but also he uses it to inform the people of Ireland that they had to do something about how the Government was running the country and how they needed to improve the living conditions. Many Families had half the land of what the English had and had to pay more rent! This was aimed at the Government and the wealthy. This was also aimed at Shopkeepers and absentee Landlords. His ideas and technique of making people appear foolish, vein and idle etc, and to highlight the plight of the indigenous was to inform people how ridiculous they had been. He is claiming that in England the undeveloped people who were living on the rich peoples property paid less for their rental payments and have larger property. So should Ireland, as it too also help benefit the poor in many ways. The opening sentences are very descriptive bad gives the reader a vivid depiction of how bad the situation was. He also uses the Pattern of Three, three times in the first paragraph in the sentences to build up tension. The streets, the roads and the cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex. Again he says three, four, or six children all in rags and who as they grow up either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbados. He cleverly begins a lot of his paragraphs with persuasive sentences to force his own opinions on the reader I think it is agreed, But my intention, As to my own part, There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme etc He uses very emotive words in the opening paragraphs such as crowded, forced, deplorable, scraps, begging, murdering, sacrificing, savage. The reader is left thinking that something must be done to help these people. The Satire in this story is used to inform you (the outside world) that even though his ideas are totally ridiculous, the Irish and the British Government have to do something about the Living Conditions of Ireland! I feel that he couldnt speak out loud because no one would even consider (that is the wealthy) or believe what he is trying to say is the Truth. So by writing such an outrageous story he would be able to gain everyones attention. They could think that Yes he is right and we, as a nation should do something to improve this. With every idea he has, he tries to back it up using rich people, merchants and eminent French physicians, a very knowing American. Trying to make it sound acceptable. In his last paragraph he introduces questions aimed at his audience to get them to think how they are going to solve the problem of food and population and tries to place guilt on the Landlords by suggesting that the poor would think his ideas better than to suffer as they do under the present situation. Even though they are so horrific. Both Authors have researched their claims to make an intellectual story! Both use reference to animals. Orwells is to hide the true peoples identities. Swifts refers to the children as roasting pigs. Swift keeps referring to women as breeders. A word used with animals. Calls them mares in foal, cows in calf, sows ready to farrow. To get their factual evidence across they both have to find their audience e. g. Orwells audience is the everyday people in the world and their Governments. While, Swifts audience is the Government, Landlords and Shopkeepers of Ireland. They both persuade you by using their own opinion and emotive language in their stories. Swifts styles of language was more passionate as he used his opinions and choice of emotive words to arouse emotion. Orwells style of language is more factual than emotional. Orwell uses facts to inform you and Swift uses facts to persuade you. In my opinion Swifts method of persuasion was too extreme but perhaps he thought he needed to do this so that he would be taken notice of. While, Orwells method was very clever and informative to expose the truth of what was happening in Russia. We accept everything Orwell says as the truth. It also makes the reader look at their own political ideas and what we are doing to the world we live in. Swifts last paragraph is trying to say he is objective and having nothing to gain from it: I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavouring, in to promote this nessary work, Orwell seems to be suggesting that all revolutions begin in Idealism and in tyranny. But he thought that all Revolutionaries were swindles and their dreams off freedom soon changed into nightmares. Once all the people were supposed to be equal some became more equal than others did. Nothing really changes after revolutions and everything had been for nothing. In Animal Farm Majors dreams were just like that in which Stalins Russia had become. While Swift is suggesting that Ireland should have a revolution for the better in some sort of way.

Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay Example

Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay Example Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay Suzuki Samurai Case Analysis Essay SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Michio Suzuki founded Suzuki Loom Works, a privately owned loom manufacturing company, in 1909 in Hamamatsu, Japan. In 1954 it changed its name to Suzuki Motor Company, Ltd. Suzuki changed its policy many times according to the market requirements. Suzuki started with introducing its products in Japan and then exporting it to various foreign markets (100 countries). It started off with motorcycles and was now producing trucks subcompact cars as well. Japans voluntary restrain agreement (VRA) quotas made it impossible for Suzuki to export any cars other than the Sprint to USA in future. In1985 Suzuki introduced the SJ413 an upgraded model of SJ 410 and designed especially for US market as further delay would increase the threat of ? Brand Clutter. Suzuki planned to market two versions of the Samurai in USA, a convertible and a hard top. There were other players who were also planning to enter the market. Hyundai Motor Company Zavodi Crvena Zastava (yugo) were expected to enter in 1986. DECISION PROBLEM Suzuki, was now facing the following question?  · How should SJ 413 be positioned in the US market? POSITIONING From the exhibits provided we can figure out that there were two things which were important for the customer while selecting a vehicle:  · Physical Characteristics (Design/appearance)  · Price Based on its physical characteristics, the major three positioning options for Samurai SJ413 were:  · Position as a compact sport utility vehicle  · Position as a compact pickup truck  · Position as a subcompact car Positioning as a Sports Utility Vehicle The most obvious position for the samurai was as a sport utility vehicle. It looked like a mini- jeep and had 4-wheel drive capability. The positioning of Samurai as sport utility vehicle solely

Americas involvement or lack of during the holocaust Essay

Americas involvement or lack of during the holocaust - Essay Example This German policy led to the massacre of millions of Jews during the 1930s. Yet the U.S remained aloof from the situation in Eastern Europe. Several views have been highlighted to defend the role of US in the holocaust. Some state that the country was adhering to its foreign policy rules. Many suggest that it was ignorance or simply denial of the original facts. Many also state that the anti Semitism was behind the non involvement of the US in the European affairs. In this paper I aim to discuss the various theories behind the non involvement attitude of the US towards the holocaust. I shall explore every theory with different angles thus highlighting the underlying factors behind the lack of involvement of the United States in the Eastern European affairs during the holocaust. The paper will highlight the motives which led one of the most influential nations of the world from keeping away from the international affairs of other countries. The Americans did not involve themselves in rescuing the Jews from the German persecution partly because they had adopted the policy of isolationism which stated that they would not get involved in other countries international and domestic issues. Although many claim that the US was unaware of the mass scale killing of the Jews, still some information was provided to the government. The government however decided not to interfere in the matter. According to the online holocaust encyclopedia, in August 1942, the US State department received a cable which confirmed the Nazi plan of killing all the European Jews. The report was sent by Gerhard Reigner, a representative of the World Jewish Congress in Geneva. A copy of it was also sent to an American Rabbi, Stephen Wise, who was asked by the government not to raise an issue about it. The report was also not shared with the other government officials (Holocaust Encyclopedia, 2008). In another incident a Polish courier Jan Karski

International Conflict Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Conflict Analysis - Essay Example However, since the war ended in 2002, there have been several positive developments like conducting elections and involving the youth. Of course, one has to keep ones’ fingers crossed as earlier attempts at peacemaking have usually resulted in breakdown given the greed and grievance of the warlords and the presence of thousands of brainwashed soldiers ready to do their bidding. The role of the international community is also discussed and some criticism expressed for the way in which their non-intervention caused avoidable suffering and casualties. Given the interplay of the resource argument (the so-called conflict diamonds) with that of a failed state where a â€Å"free for all† was the norm rather than the exception, the peace that the citizens of Sierra Leone are experiencing now is indeed welcome from all aspects. Finally, the conflict in Sierra Leone is also notable for the way in which the post cold war illusions about durable peace and establishment of a new wor ld order were disabused. The end of the cold war produced diametric reactions from intellectuals and foreign policy experts. Whereas writers like Francis Fukuyama were quick to predict the â€Å"End of History† and proclaim that the democratization of the nations of the world would give us the meaning that we have always sought, other writers like Samuel Huntington warned of a coming â€Å"Clash of the Civilizations† where who you were mattered more than what you were or which side you were on (Huntington, 1996, 14). The former is the â€Å"new war† hypothesis that posits the view of how conflicts in the last two decades are about economic reasons and identity whereas the latter is the â€Å"old war† theory about the cold war which was essentially an ideological battle. However, there are many who see the so-called new wars as a continuance of those fought earlier just that the international order does not have the

Comprehensive Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comprehensive Examination - Essay Example is a renowned philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose thoughts, teachings, and ideas have been very influential on the American society as well as around the world (Neil, 2005). John Dewey believed that learning needs to be active and not long and restrictive. He believed that children could learn much more if things were aught on a practical basis rather than only theories. Dewey has written a number of works in various subjects however his most famous subject is education. Dewey has won a number of awards like the Doctor â€Å"Honoris Causa† from university of Oslo, Pennsylvania, Yale and Rome and he has also won Copernican Citation in 1943. Dewey’s theory was presented in ‘My Pedagogic Creed’ (1897). According to Dewey education is a necessity of life and every person starts learning right from the time of birth. A teacher plays a very important role in the educational system. It is up to the teacher to help stimulate the child’s powers by ensuring the child faces a social situation which stimulates the child’s powers. It is essential that the teacher understands the need for a student to be a part of the social society, and that the person being educated is a social individual and is a part of the society which is an organic union of individuals (Emand, 2000). If any one of these are eliminated it would cause a very bad effect on the child’s education as well as the life of the individual. According the Dewey’s theory it is always better to make children study in a more practical way rather than in a standard classroom structure where the students thoughts are limited and the students are not given a chance to bloom and bring out fresher ideas. As he has already mentioned it is also possible to teach children maths by learning proportions in cooking or even time limits in travelling between places by a mule can help children develop their mathematics skills. Also the teaching structure for this type of education would require

Perfectionism | An overview

Perfectionism | An overview Perfectionism is a phobia of mistake-making, said Jeff Szymanski, executive director of the Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, which is based in Boston. It is the feeling that If I made a mistake, it will be catastrophic.' Perfectionism is a psychological disorder which is believed by the person with this illness that being flawless should be accomplished. They feel that they are obligated to reach exceptionally idealistic ambitions when in fact its non-compulsory because everyone should just strive to do the best they can. However, perfectionistic attitude is an interference with their success. The desperation of having unrealistic aspiration can ruin their anticipations because it eventually causes disappointment. Perfectionism is sometimes influenced by an early stage in a persons life. This person has a perception that people would appreciate them more if they are perfect. In other words, their goals are based on peripheral outlook and not from their own desires. Hence, they only feel that they are worthy if only people would recognize their importance. Although being a perfectionist sees every mistake as a chance for progress and learning, people with this disorder should learn how to control it because it will lead to being defensive when appraised and to being depressed when faced with a failure. Each individual has goal in their life but for perfectionist, they have goals that are higher or beyond their imagination. There is definitely nothing erroneous to be ruthless, have dreams and eventually work it out to pursue them. If theres no single person that has goal in life then most of the advancement that people are enjoying these should not be even here. So if they have managed to get through their aim, sure enough they would enjoy the outcome. Being a perfectionist has great advantage because unlike an ordinary person who is contented with a mediocre performance, they could arrive at a level of success that is almost perfect. Thats why they received a lot of admiration from people which they really deserved and reacted positively. They are confident that their goals will be reached since they are very competent individual and has an optimistic mind-set. Thus, it will somehow boost their self-esteem and obtain greater accomplishments. People are not like God. They are not perfect thats why it is normal to commit mistakes and eventually recuperate from the loss. But for the perfectionist, they cant control it. They should make all things right. Therefore, they became less efficient because they are meticulous even to the last detail and wasnt able to complete a task. When the moment of failure haunt them, they will loath themselves for being inadequate and as a result, it can lead to low self-worth and despair. The other thing is that they become engrossed with fear that they cant easily recover from it. This also meant of losing the opportunity to improve themselves because they perceive mistakes as an indication of unworthiness. Not being contented with what they attained can lead to a miserable life because they dont know how to let go and move on with their lives and or learn from their mistakes; they still hold on to their problem and eventually causes disturbance that is suicidal. The reason that they cant let go is that they dreaded the consequences of losing everything. This is also the source of anxiety since they wanted to be perfect with everything; consequently, they place themselves under a great deal of pressure. After experiencing nervous tension, they wouldnt be able to be successful and as a result, will intensify the probability of experiencing tragedy. If their imperfections are recognized by others, they became fearful that they will be abandoned by the society. Because of this, they strive to be perfect to protect themselves from humiliation and condemnation. If only a person with this illness can control their strong urge to do everything perfectly then it will not be called as a disorder. Since their goals are set irrationally or unrealistically, they tend to disappoint themselves after which they feel that misfortune had befallen upon them. They eventually became traumatized that every circumstances they encountered became catastrophic. Perfectionist became devastated when they stumble upon petty mistakes that they were excessively troubled about not being able to overcome it. Due to their inflexible attributes, they become anxious and dysfunctionally depressed. There are important points that a perfectionist has to realize. Perfectionism is a delusion that is unfeasible and striving very hard to do everything is pointless. They are just wasting their time being faultless when in fact their work is already gratifying. They should try to do their best and not to be perfect in everything because the no one really notices things in a detailed way unless their audience is also a perfectionist. Perfectionist has to comprehend that committing mistakes are the only way one can be perfect, through learning from their mistakes is the only way to identify their error. They should challenge themselves to turn away from that fixation or being obsessed because sooner or later it will be a curse in their life. Sources: Bregman, P. (2009). How to Escape Perfectionism. http://blogs.hbr.org/bregman/2009/09/how- to-escape-perfectionism.html. Egan, S. (2005). An Investigation of Positive and Negative Perfectionism. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt- WCU20060906.150230/unrestricted/01Front.pdf. McGarvey, J. (n.d.). The Almost Perfect Definition. http://www.rps.psu.edu/sep96/almost.html. Neumeister, K. (n.d.) Perfectionism in Gifted Children. Retrieved from http://iag- online.org/perfect.htm. Perfectionism. (2007). Retrieved frromhttp://www.counselingcenter.illinois.edu/?page_id=113.

Transnational Social Movements, International Nongovernmental Organizat

Transnational Social Movements, International Nongovernmental Organizations and Our State-centric World The 1999 Seattle protests brought the apparent proliferation of anti-globalization grassroot sociopolitical movements into the limelight of the world stage. Transnational social movements (TSMs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), as well as the loose transnational activist networks (TANs) that contain them—all these came to be seen as an angry and no less potent backlash that's directed at the powerful states and increasingly towering economic IGOs such as the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank. In the field of international relations, some regard this as a prophetic watershed event that signals the weakening and perhaps even collapsing of the state-centric system of international relations, while many others insist that Seattle is but an eventually insignificant episode in the book of globalization and state power, as evidenced by the Doha success. This paper attempts to address two questions that are at the heart of this dispute: Do TSMs and INGOs have any real power in today's international political arena against the traditional view of state dominance? And, if the answer to the previous question is yes, then does such a change merit a fundamental revision of the state-centric model of international relations? My answer to these two questions is threefold: First, I assert that TSMs and INGOs can and have posed substantial normative challenges to state hegemony, most commonly the notion that the state enjoys a monopoly on representation of its citizens and their interests. Furthermore, TSMs and INGOs that employ the use of violence (particularly terrorism) breach the conventional notion that states... ...ed Arjomand, Said Amir. â€Å"Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective.† World Politics, Volume 38, Issue 3 (1986. 4), 383-414. Griffith, William E. â€Å"The Revial of Islamic Fundamentalism: the Case of Iran.† International Security. Volume 4, Issue 1, 1979, 132-138. Khashan, Hilal. â€Å"The New World Order and the Tempo of Militant Islam.† British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1 (1997. 5), 5-24. O'Brien, Robert, et al. Contesting Glboal Governance. Cambridge, 2000. G. Hossein. â€Å"Legitimacy, Religion, and Nationalism in the Middle East.† The American Political Science Review, Volume 84, Issue 1 (1990. 3), 69-91. Tarrow, Sidney. â€Å"Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.† Annual Review of Political Science, 2001.4. Weaver, Mary Ann. â€Å"The Real Bin Laden.† The New Yorker, January 24, 2000.

Future Trend of Crisis Intervention Essay

Future Trend of Crisis Intervention in the Human Services Delivery System In the United States Human Service profession continues to expand yearly. Despites the yearly gross for this profession many people still strive to continue to succeed in this profession. It is unfortunate that sadly human service workers are the first to become victims of budget cuts and layoffs because of low funds. This paper will focus on the trend of human service, the practice of crisis intervention in human services, challenges likely by the trends as a result of the impact and how human service workers should deal with these trends. Purpose of Crisis Intervention Crisis intervention is mainly important for those who have been in some type of crisis. Those who have experienced emotional, mental, and physiological distress are among those who make use of crisis intervention methods. Normally a person who experiences crisis intervention cannot function normally, need help coping and not capable of solving problems by him or herself. Kidnapping, sexual assault, criminal victimizations are several crises that people face. One of the main issues that human services face today is meeting the needs of people. Crisis intervention has evolved into a human service subspecialty to help people who cannot afford high costs for mental health issues. Crisis intervention core goal is to help decrease victim’s reaction to a crisis that may be behavioral, mental, and physical. It helps victims return to their normal selves by removing ineffective coping skills. Some of these are substance abuse, alcohol abuse, aloofness, and a host of others. Often time’s people recover from their crisis by speaking about what occurred and other lifetime achievements. It depends on the individual to determine the time frame that its takes a person to seek help after a crisis. Crisis intervention program can take place in a hospital, clinics, mental health centers, and other social service agencies. Unfortunate it is not appropriate for people suffering long-standing problems.

Stress Essays

Stress Essays Stress Essay Stress Essay Stress is the loading applied   Ã‚  on the material while strain is the deformation that results due to application of load or stress. By this definition, it is obvious that stress and strain are related and that relationship can best be explained by considering a stress-strain curve (Figure 1). Building materials have their own corresponding stress-strain curve which can be obtained by recording the amount of deformation (strain) upon application of tensile or compressive loading. Curve results reveal the behavior or properties of materials when load (weight) is applied.Figure1. Stress-Strain curveConsider the Stress-Strain curve of building materials in Figure 1. For concrete materials, its curve is almost a straight line and ends rather abruptly. This means that concretes easily fractures or fails (brittle material). Likewise, the resulting curve for cast iron is straight indicating that it too is brittle. However, as the graph indicates it can withstand higher stress before failure than concretes do. Nevertheless, both of these materials will fail or fracture with little warning once their limits (maximum loading) are exceeded. Mild steel on the other hand, has a gentle curving at the top. This means that mild steel has different properties than cast iron or concrete. The gentle curving signifies that after certain point mild steel will continue to strain (in the case of tension, to stretch) as the stress (the loading) remains more or less constant. This indicates a high ductility. However, at certain point, or maximum bearable loading, the material will not continue to stretch but will ultimately fail.Stress can be applied to building materials in two ways: by compression or stretching (tensile).     Ã‚  Compressive strength is the maximum stress that a material will bear when it is subjected to a load that pushes it together. Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material will bear when it is subjected to a stretching load (Luebkeman 1997).ReferenceLuebkeman, Chris H. and Donald Peting. (1997). Stress-Strain Curves. Retrieved 12 October 2007 from http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/courseware/461/461_lectures/ /461_lecture24/461_lecture24.html Stress Essays Stress Essay Stress Essay Over the years, stress has been studied by members of the medical, psychological, business, and even academic professions. The reason for this is that the problem occurs on a very wide scale. The scope of the problem even extends to the definition, as even this has been the cause of several stressful debates. There are also three kinds of stress: acute, episodic acute, and chronic stress (APA, 2004). Despite the disagreement about its definition, however, many have accepted that credited to Richard S. Lazarus: â€Å"a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize† (Mindtools). Although stress often derives from a person’s feeling about a situation or problem (specifically, that it might be too great for him or her alone to handle), it also has considerable physical implications. It affects several of the major systems of the body, including the digestive, immune, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Evidence of this can be seen in the form of diarrhea, increased cardiovascular activity, and increased susceptibility to diseases (MayoClinic, 2005). Since stress can cause damage to the vital systems of the body, it is often crucial to recognize it early and takes steps to control it. There are several ways to reduce stress without the help of medication, and these have mainly to do with attitude and lifestyle. According to the article â€Å"How can I manage stress?† by the American Heart Association, ways to reduce stress include changing one’s response to difficult situations and learning to decline offers. These are indeed psychological solutions to a problem that affects people on a physical level, but it is not to be forgotten that stress often is as a result of psychological issues. Therefore, though stress is a health hazard, it is both preventable and curable. However, one has to have the mind to do it. (Consultation with one’s doctor is recommended, especially for people with a family history of heart disease or strokes.) The causes of stress are variable and its effects are often damaging, both psychologically and physically. However, as its causes are mainly psychological, the effects can often be reduced by a â€Å"simple† change in lifestyle. When signs and symptoms of stress are perceived, action should be taken immediately to avoid its numerous health risks. Support from family and friends might be of great help in a stressful time, and any help offered should be promptly accepted. References â€Å"Different kinds of stress, the† (2004) APA Help Center 8. Nov. 2005 [Online], Available: apahelpcenter.org/articles/article.php?id=21 How can I manage stress? (2004) American Heart Association. 8 Nov. 2005 [Online], Available: americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/110167971464923%20HowCanIManageStress.pdf Stress management Mindtools 8 Nov. 2005. [Online], Available: mindtools.com/stress/UnderstandStress/StressDefinition.htm Stress: Why you have it and how it hurts your health. (2005, September 7) MayoClinic.Com [Online], Available: mayoclinic.com/health/stress/SR00001 nbsp;

Sikh Ceremonies Like Birth Baptism Marriage And Death Religion Essay Essay Example

Sikh Ceremonies Like Birth Baptism Marriage And Death Religion Essay Essay Example Sikh Ceremonies Like Birth Baptism Marriage And Death Religion Essay Essay Sikh Ceremonies Like Birth Baptism Marriage And Death Religion Essay Essay All the Sikh ceremonials like birth, baptism, matrimony and decease are held in simple, cheap and spiritual tone. Every of import ceremonial is performed in the presence of holy Guru Granth Sahib. Of class, vocalizing of anthem, Ardas, or a formal supplication suited to the juncture, Hukamnama, or a random reading from the Guru Granth Sahib will be included as the order of the twenty-four hours. Distribution of Karah Parshad, or sacred pudding made from flour, butter, sugar and H2O, Langar is provided for all the invitees. Sikhs no longer seek approval from God and regenerate the spirit of devotedness and service. There are some of the major Sikh Ceremonies, Naam Karan ( Naming Ceremony ) , Dastar Bandi, Marriage Ceremony, Amrit Sanchar ( Baptism ) , Funeral/Death Ceremony, Gurpurbs and Sangrand. KhandaAfter the birth of a kid, if the female parent and the kid are in good wellness, they will travel to the Gurdwara with their relations and friends for the naming ceremonial. The Granthi or a senior member of the fold stirs H2O and sugar crystals in a bowl with a Khanda placed in forepart of the Guru Granth Sahib while reading the Mool Mantra ( the basic belief of the Sikhs and it begins the Sri Guru Granth Sahib ) and the first five poetries of the Japji Sahib . A few beads of this holy H2O are so put into the kid s oral cavity and the remaining is given to the female parent to imbibe. Hymns are recited or sun to bless the kid. Dastar Bandi This is a really of import event when a Sikh male child is ready to get down binding the turban. The Granthi will explicate why the turban is needed to be tied on the caput. Amrit Sanchar ( Baptism ) Baptism and matrimony are the most of import ceremonials in the life of a Sikh. It is in the signifier of a formal curse and induction ceremonial by which a Sikh becomes a true Khalsa ( purified or chosen one ) , and like the Christian at verification, acquires full rank of the Sikh brotherhood. As the ceremonial culminates in the imbibing of Amrit ( specially prepared sweet Holy H2O ) so the term Amrit-dhari Sikh is frequently used. However, a Sikh should merely take Amrit when he or she is mature plenty to recognize the nature of the duties he or she has chosen to accept. Marriage Ceremony The Sikh matrimony is called Anand Karaj which means the ceremonial of joy. The Sikh nuptials is held in the forenoon in a Gurdwara. The bridegroom will be dressed in all right apparels and accompanied by his household and friends. Then he reaches the Gurdwara Sahib where the bride s relations and friends receive them. After the Milni ceremonial ( close relations of the twosome garland each other in a spirit of good will ) and refreshments, everyone enters the Gurdwara fold hall where bride sits alongside the bridegroom confronting the Guru Granth Sahib Ji. A short supplication is said and so the nuptials ceremonial begins and the Ragees sing the anthem of Palla which is bridegroom s scarf. The bride s male parent gives the Palla into the custodies of bride which is symbolic of giving away the bride. This is followed by Lavaan , the nuptials ceremonial. It consists of four poetries. The first poetry is recited by the Granthi while the twosome sits. Then the Ragees sing the same po etry and the twosome walk gracefully clockwise around the Guru Granth Sahib the bride following the bridegroom. Same manner the other three poetries are recited. The six poetries of Anand Sahib ( the anthem of joy ) are so sung followed by the Ardas. Order of the twenty-four hours is read from Guru Granth Sahib Ji followed by the distribution of Karah Parshad. Lunch is provided by the bride s household. Normally a response is held subsequently in the eventide in a hall. Funeral/Death Ceremony Normally, this ceremonial is really simple. When a Sikh dies, the organic structure is first washed and dressed with new apparels. Then it is carried to the cremation land in emanation so appropriate supplications are said before the funeral pyre. After that, it is lit by close relations. In Britain a crematory built for this intent is used. Later, the cooled ashes will be collected and immersed into or presented to natural running water- a river. To finish the ceremonial, so either in the place or in the Gurdwara, the day-to-day reading of the Holy Granth begins. This takes approximately 10 yearss. When all the 1430 pages have been read, the concluding service is held. Relatives and friends gather to fall in in the concluding supplications. The Kara Parshad ( holy nutrient ) is served and the people disperse. This marks the terminal of bereavement. The Sikh Marriage The Sikh matrimony is non simply a physical and legal contract but is a holy brotherhood between two psyches where physically they appear as two single organic structures but in fact are united as one. The Sikh matrimony ceremonial is besides known as Anand Karaj intending blissful brotherhood . Harmonizing to Sikhism, when a miss attains adulthood, it is incumbent upon her parents to look for a suited lucifer for her. It is neither desirable nor proper to get married a miss at stamp age. The girl of a Sikh should be given in matrimony to a Sikh. If a adult male is a Sikh truster, is low by nature, and earns his staff of life by honest agencies, with him marriage may be contracted without a inquiry and without consideration for wealth and wealths. Sikh matrimonies are normally arranged. The people from other civilizations do non ever decently construe the word arranged . An ordered matrimony does non intend coercing adult male or adult female into marriage of parents pick merely. It is holding to marriage proposed by common treatment between the adult male s and the adult female s household. This is to choose the right spouse with the blessing of all. Most significantly, the adult male and adult female themselves must acquire to cognize each other to convey their consent to their parents. No Sikh matrimony is regarded as genuinely complete unless the bride and groom present themselves before the Holy Granth and are blessed by the Guru, every bit good as by the fold or the households present.

Changing Housework Arrangement Between Couples Literature review

Changing Housework Arrangement Between Couples - Literature review Example Social change is brought about by the continued increase in the number of women who join the labor force in North America, Europe and Oceania starting the age of industrialization (Kornblum 2007). The increase in number of women joining the labor force (Bianchi et al. 2000; Kamo & Cohen 1998; Presser 1994; Shelton 1990, cited in (Omori & Smith 2009) resulted to a decline in the number of hours spent for domestic work (Artis & Pavalko 2003, cited in Omori & Smith 2009). The changing work division is attributed to the declining time that wives spare for household chores (Van der Lippe et al. 2004, cited in Omori & Smith 2009). The routine household works are influenced by cultural values and in line with the â€Å"male-breadwinner-and-female-homemaker arrangement† (Treas 2011, para. 6). Cleaning the house is associated with women while working outside to earn a living is the obligation of men (Omori & Smith 2009). However, in African American and Hispanic households, wives usual ly work outside of the home to earn a living (Omori & Smith 2009). Omori and Smith (2009) reported that women who hold higher or managerial positions, with increased status and income, tend to spend lesser work hours at home. Studies from several countries show that household work arrangements are influenced by values, beliefs and norms in the community (Treas 2011). Through long practice, many household chores were relegated to women. (Van der Lippe et al. 2004, cited in Omori & Smith 2009).  

Communication eassy 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication eassy 7 - Essay Example Earliest films were very short, often just a minute or ten, one or two reels and eventually it goes up to 2 hours. (The Birth and Early Development of   the  Motion Picture,by Robert P. Brooks, Bulletin of the Passaic County Historical Society, April 1959). We can see a gradual development in the field of motion picture. Several inventors set up their projector machine in make shift halls and projected moving pictures on a screen. The ides of longer film with story began in 1895. The man named James .H White produced a picture 500 feet in length. It was called ‘American Fireman’. Today motion pictures have predisposed both in maintaining social order and powerful agents of change. Films are cultural artifacts formed by special cultures. Motion pictures have been a great influence in the cultural field. It affected the society too much. When motion pictures transformed from black-and –white to colour in U.S in the 1950’s the sensors struggled much to eli minate erotic imagery, and immoral treatment of sexuality. Many directors of that time violated the moral side of film industry. A good example for such film is â€Å"Lady Chatterleys Lover†, banned by New York censorship board in 1957. (Vaughn). Nudity, explicit sexual behavior, profane language, gratuitous violence, and themes of promiscuity, homosexuality, abortion, drug use, etc were the chief characteristics of the films of that time. The year 1968 marked tremendous changes in U.S. film industry. A new system of Production Code has been adopted that prevented the government censorship. Censors edited the films before they reached the theatres. A kind of spiritual and moral progress was visible in the films of 1930’s and it also promoted high social life and enlightened thinking. Those Films which were not acceptable to the social morality were severely opposed by the Roman Catholic Church and they were banned in the

Film Critique - Dances with Wolves Movie Review

Film Critique - Dances with Wolves - Movie Review Example The Wind in His Hair, a young, angry Indian, did not trust him at all. When Dunbar brought back Stands With a Fist, who was a white girl that was living with the tribe and was attempting suicide following the death of her husband, Dunbar was looked upon the tribe less suspiciously by everybody. Then, when Dunbar came into the camp to tell the tribe about him spotting Buffalo, he attained mythical status, and everybody wanted to be his friend from that point on. Dunbar then started living with the tribe. He learned the language and married Stands With a Fist. Dunbar was captured by the army when he went back to his original post to retrieve his diary, thinking that the diary would be used to find the Sioux tribe and kill them. The Sioux brothers of Dunbar ambushed the Army men who were taking Dunbar to be tried for treason and probably hanged. Dunbar knew that his presence in the tribe made the entire tribe a target, and put everybody in danger, so he knew that he had to leave. With a heavy heart, he and Stands With a Fist left the tribe. In the captions, it was made known that the entire tribe had submitted to the white man’s rule 18 months later. One of the major themes that ran all the way through the movie was the white man’s disregard for nature and animals. Through this theme ran an undercurrent that the white man had no regard for life, period. The theme of having a general disregard for nature, thus having a general disregard for animals, was subtly introduced to the character of John Dunbar’s guide.... The Sioux brothers of Dunbar ambushed the Army men who were taking Dunbar to be tried for treason and probably hanged. Dunbar knew that his presence in the tribe made the entire tribe a target, and put everybody in danger, so he knew that he had to leave. With a heavy heart, he and Stands With a Fist left the tribe. In the captions, it was made known that the entire tribe had submitted to the white man’s rule 18 months later. Themes One of the major themes that ran all the way through the movie was the white man’s disregard for nature and animals. Through this theme ran an undercurrent that the white man had no regard for life, period. The theme of having general disregard for nature, thus having a general disregard for animals, was subtly introduced in the character of John Dunbar’s guide. This guide threw a tin can into the prairie, and by the way that Dunbar looked upon this action, it was clear that Dunbar did not approve of this. The theme was touched upon m uch more clearly in a subsequent scene – there were dead animals in a pond, all of them shot to death. It wasn’t clear why these animals were killed – they apparently were not killed for their hide, or their meat, because the entire carcasses were left to rot in the water. They apparently were killed only for sport. The next instance where the audience was shown that the white man had no respect for animals or nature came during a scene where there were thousands of buffaloes rotting in the sun. They were stripped of their hides and their tongues, then left on the prairie to rot. This was an insult to the Indians – they depended upon the buffalo for the meat, the hide, the organs, the bones, everything. They did not

Cognitive Effects of Early Bilingualism Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Effects of Early Bilingualism Essay The American educational system has fallen behind other leading nations in the world in many respects, one of which is in bilingual instruction. This has traditionally been overlooked in the United States until the high school level. Children in today’s society should be made more prepared for the growing globalism and technological advances throughout the world instead of losing educational opportunities due to economic downfall and lack of resources. This includes a second language acquisition introduced earlier in the program. On top of political reasons, the positive effects to the cognitive development of the brain when introduced to a second language are many. The age of acquisition is crucial due to the plasticity of the brain which, according to the critical period hypothesis, begins to plateau after five years of age. The current policy in early education limits greatly the amount of extracurricular lessons provided in accordance with government policies such as No Child Left Behind, which restricts school funding based on standardized testing only in certain subject areas. School programs, realistically beginning in elementary education, should include foreign language study due to the strong evidence that bilingualism in children can develop higher cognitive abilities which can be enhanced with proficiency and positively influence skills in other areas. Old arguments suggest that, â€Å"children who are instructed bilingually from an early age will suffer cognitive or intellectual retardation in comparison with their monolingually instructed counterparts† (Diaz 24). Much of the research from the past supporting this argument focused on older bilinguals, mostly adults who may have shown competent abilities in a second language but who had much later ages of acquisition and who usually acquired the second language outside of the home. Many early studies in this field worked with children of immigrants who showed lower abilities in cognitive tasks most likely because of the lack of proficiency in the second language (L2) and lack of proper schooli ng in relation to this deficiency (Kovà ¡cs 307). In correlation with poorly chosen test subjects, the studies were typically done with orthographic representations of words that would have been more difficult for younger test subjects to work with. For example, a study done by Ton Dijkstra, Professor of Psycholinguistics and Multilingualism at the Donders Institute, which focused only on adult English/Dutch bilingualsthe youngest being fifteen years old, all of whom studied their L2 in a middle or high school level. This study included only written examples of words and had the subjects determine if the word was English or Dutch. The results were able to somewhat prove Dijkstra’s theory of Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) which underlines the effects orthography has on L1 and L2 word retrieval that is â€Å"assuming, of course, that the same orthography is used in the input† (Dijkstra 217). If this study were done on younger children, it is sure they would not have performed as well since children are typically less familiar with the written language than with the spoken. Older language learners would make more use of the written approach to learning, such as a textbook, while younger learners typically lear n more from a speech-based approach, like conversationally in the home. The textbook approach is a symbolic processing which differs from the more embedded cognitive retrieval of the speech-based learning approach utilized by younger children to understand the two languages. There have been many studies over the past few years that have proven the opposite of these older arguments. Many of the studies have tested the cognitive abilities of young children, usually aged six and under in accordance with the critical period hypothesis, with both monolingual and bilingual proficiency. These experiments are concerned with cognitive tasks including false-belief tasks and grammar testing to determine the ability to hold abstract thought in the L2 as well as phonemic testing in order to find if there is an ability to distinguish between the phonemes of the different languages. The majority of these studies have tested subjects using visual representations and vocal experiments with proctors who have experience working with children and are trained in both languag es being tested. The more useful subjects are usually taught implicitly, or passively in the home. Although some make use of explicitly taught subjects, meaning they learned actively in a class setting. It has been proven that an infant of four months has the incredible linguistic discrimination abilities to distinguish languages with different prosody and phonemes (Kovà ¡cs 303). An infant is then better equipped to attain more native-like proficiency later in life when exposed this early to the sounds and rhythm of the L2. Doctor in Communication Sciences, Karsten Steinhauer explains, â€Å"that late L2 learners stabilize at some point short of native-like attainment [which] most recently has been discussed in terms of phonological/prosodic interference from L1† (Steinhauer 15). When a young child is introduced to two separate languages, the mechanisms of attention, selection, and inhibition become more fine-tuned due to the experience of attending to one language and ignoring the other (Kovà ¡cs 303, 308). The training in encoding and the association of two correspondi ng words with a common concept underlines the superior representational abilities a bilingual retains especially when the L2 is entrenched in the brain the way early acquisition allows. Linguist à gnes Melinda Kovà ¡cs presents research proving that monolinguals typically attain these abilities at the age of four years while young bilinguals gain these skills much earlier (Kovà ¡cs 316). The brain’s plasticity allows the young child to hold and use the two languages without interference and with continued usage the child will be more likely to attain full native-like proficiency in both languages. Kovà ¡cs also explains that since the brain remains active during demanding tasks, the brain may take on the extra load of two languages as a constructive challenge. The young, malleable brain may possibly â€Å"greatly adapt to [the challenge], for example, by changing its morphology† (Kovà ¡cs 308). A type of adaptation has been proven in studies done by neuroscientist Andrea Mechelli, which were concerned with the grey matter surrounding the left inferior parietal cortex, the general area associated with language use containing the Broca’s are a. These studies confirmed that the grey matter in this area is denser in early-acquired bilinguals. The density decreases in correlation with proficiency in the L2 with monolinguals having the least dense matter (Mechelli 757). This may be the case because a later acquired L2 is held at a more surface level of the brain and requires the use of the declarative memory instead of the procedural memory. Many tests have been done to determine the amount of brain activity associated with language in the left inferior parietal cortex through the use of event-related brain potential, or ERPs. Dr. Steinhauer describes ERPs as â€Å"reflecting the real-time electrophysiological brain dynamics of cognitive processes with an excellent time resolution in the range of milliseconds,† and that ERPs â€Å"have been hypothesized to be linked to rule-based automatic parsing† (Steinhauer 16). Measurements of ERPs are taken while subjects perform syntactically poignant tasks. Since it is thought that syntactic processes are generally automatic or a part of â€Å"implicit grammar processi ng† (Steinhauer 17), the ERP components would be more difficult to elicit in later acquired bilinguals. Steinhauer et al. performed several studies in this area, working with many real and one artificial language labeled BROCANTO 2. In each case, the subjects were given grammaticality judgment tasks in the given language, such as subject-verb agreement violations and lexical anomalies. For each group, the early acquired or implicitly taught subjects educed the same type of ERP responses as native speakers. Late-acquired or explicitly instructed subjects showed more shallow responses, if any at all in this area. These findings show that â€Å"syntactic processes appear to be sensitive to delays in L2 acquisition† (Steinhauer 19). One of the most prominent issues in L2 proficiency is attaining the phonemic boundary between the two languages. Monolinguals are usually unable to distinguish the sounds of a language other than their own. The more proficient a bilingual is in their L2, the more able they are to perceive the two types of phonemes and to determine which is correct in a given phonological circumstance. The phonemic boundary is the least likely area to be fossilized in a late-acquired bilingual. There have been several studies done which have proven this, including a 2008 study done by Adrian Garcia-Sierra, professor of Communications at the University of Texas. In this study, the voice onset time, or VOT, of thirty college students was tested. Half of the students were English monolinguals while the other half were English/Spanish bilinguals who described themselves as fluent speakers of both languages and who learned their L2 at home. This study was done in Austin, Texas where some Spanish is integrated into the daily culture. The results showed that the more fluent bilinguals were more apt to â€Å"a perceptual shift†¦associated with high level of confidence in English and Spanish†¦[and] that highly confident L2 bilinguals are more likely to possess a double phonemic boundary† (Garcia-Sierra 378). This shows that more proficient bilinguals will have a stronger ability to determine different phonemes, which also underlines the effects bilingualism has on a dvanced discrimination and attention skills. Another recent study performed on early bilinguals was done by a group of psychologists headed by Michael Siegal. The experiments tested the pragmatic skills of 41 children in northeastern Italy. All were between the ages of three and six years old, with 19 Italian monolinguals and 22 Italian/Slovenian bilinguals who attended the same preschool taught only in Italian. The children were tested on the Gricean maxims of conversational understanding. These are four basic rules which provide a foundation for pragmatic competence including quality, quantity, relevance, and politeness. The groups of children were shown cartoons with characters having conversations that contained one response created in order to break one of the maxims. The children were then asked which of the characters said something strange or rude and to provide a more appropriate response when the statement was positively identified. The main thesis in this study was that bilingualism requires â€Å"the capacity for flexibility in the representation of language and objects [which] suggests that early bilingualism should be accomp anied by advanced meta-pragmatic skills† (Siegal 115). This theory was upheld by the results of these tests in which the bilingual children outperformed the monolinguals by much more than a chance margin, especially in the maxims of politeness and quality even though many bilinguals had a delayed vocabulary in their L2. The psychologists behind this study suggest that bilingualism can be â€Å"accompanied by an enhanced ability to appreciate effective communicative responses† (Siegal 115). The results of this research seem to highlight the idea that the acquisition of a second language allows a child to remove themselves from the comfortable context of their native language and to realize that it is more necessary to provide useful information and use polite tones for more a successful exchange in both languages. Recently, studies have been performed concerning the effects and importance of early-acquired bilingualism in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Research in this area shows that it is less likely for a bilingual individual to be affected by these types of diseases. The majority of the hypotheses behind this statistic pertain to the activity in the brain that is needed to think and speak bilingually. This constant activity exercises the brain in a way that is counterintuitive to the deterioration involved with these disorders (Paradis 216). The research behind Parkinson’s disease explains that the procedural memory is affected greatly sometimes causing a loss of the L1. This is partnered with a tendency to â€Å"produce a smaller portion of grammatical sentences†¦and exhibit deficits in comprehension of complex syntactic forms† (Paradis 217). This is likely linked to the deterioration of the left inferior parietal cortex, the same area in the brain discussed earlier, which is associated with syntactic processes and holding the L1. On the other hand, bilingual patients with Alzheimer’s show a loss in t heir L2 as well as in semantic abilities and a gradual loss of pragmatic, phonological, and syntactic structures. More common in this type of dementia is a puzzlingly inappropriate mixture of the two languages (Paradis 222). This is due to the break down of the declarative memory caused by the dementia. The declarative memory is involved with metacognition, which is why it affects such things as the less familiar language, pragmatic skills, and the selective attention abilities of bilinguals. The major finding in these studies is that â€Å"the differences observed in psychotic conditions as well as in dementias are caused by the increased reliance on declarative-memory-based (and hence consciously controlled) explicit metalinguistic knowledge† (Paradis 222). The advances made in early bilingual research have been great over the past few decades. Through these studies and so many more, it has been made clear that bilinguals with early ages of acquisition not only achieve more native-like proficiency but also tend to have more advanced cognitive abilities than their monolingual peers. These include but are not exclusive to increased analytical, representational, selective, and control abilities. Bilingualism also implies more developed metalingustic awareness and mental flexibility. Early bilinguals have also shown greater abilities in pragmatics and phonemic discrimination. In opposition to old arguments, Kovà ¡cs writes, â€Å"The bilingual condition could be stimulating for the highly plastic developing mind of the child, and induces specific changes in the brain and cognitive systems† (Kovà ¡cs 317). The higher development has been seen in ERP testing and in the density of grey matter involved in the linguistically apt area of the brain. Educators and policy makers should consider this information when planning early education programs. Those enriched with the benefits of a bilingual education are not only better off cognitively, but in the modern world, would be more prepared for the global society and workplace. Works Cited Diaz, R â€Å"Thought and Two Languages: The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development.† Review of Research in Education 10 (1983): 23-54 Dijkstra, Ton. â€Å"Task and Context Effects in Bilingual Lexical Processing.† Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism (2007): 213-235. Garcia-Sierra, Adrian, Randy L. Diehl, and Craig Champlin. â€Å"Testing the double phonemic boundary in bilinguals.† Speech Communication 51 (2009): 369-378. Kovacs, Agnes Melinda. â€Å"Beyond Language: Childhood Bilingualism Enhances High- level Cognitive Functions.† Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism (2007): 301-323. Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., and Price, C.J. 2004. Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature. 431: 754. Siegal, Michael, Laura Iozzi, and Luca Surian. â€Å"Bilingualism and conversational understanding in young children.† Cognition 110 (2009): 115-122.